• 2023-01-23 17:01:21
• 百世物流單號查詢

關于恩賈梅納(na)空運價(jia)格的(de)問題，以下是小(xiao)編(bian)對此問題的(de)歸納(na)整理。

文章目錄列表:

• 1、乍得是黑人還是阿拉伯人？乍得經濟怎么樣？
• 2、請幫我看看下邊飛機訂票單是什么意思？
• 3、乍得恩賈梅納安全嗎
• 4、請幫我看看下邊飛機訂票單是什么意思？

一、乍得是黑人還是阿拉伯人？乍得經濟怎么樣？

       乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)（阿(a)拉(la)伯(bo)語(yu)： ；法(fa)(fa)語(yu)：Tchad），臺(tai)譯查德，全稱乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)非(fei)洲(zhou)(zhou)中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個內(nei)(nei)陸(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)，北接利比(bi)(bi)亞，東(dong)接蘇丹，南接中(zhong)非(fei)共(gong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，西南與喀麥隆、尼日(ri)利亞為(wei)(wei)鄰(lin)，西與尼日(ri)爾交(jiao)界(jie)。因(yin)為(wei)(wei)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遠(yuan)離海洋，且(qie)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)土大(da)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)屬沙(sha)漠氣(qi)候(hou)，所(suo)以又被稱為(wei)(wei)“非(fei)洲(zhou)(zhou)死亡之心”。乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)三個主要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)理(li)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域：北部(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沙(sha)漠地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)、中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)干(gan)旱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)薩赫勒(le)(le)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)南部(bu)(bu)(bu)較肥(fei)沃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)草原地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)。該(gai)(gai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)以乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)湖的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名(ming)(ming)字命名(ming)(ming)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)最高山(shan)峰是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)位(wei)于撒哈(ha)(ha)拉(la)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)庫西山(shan)，首(shou)都(dou)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)最大(da)城(cheng)(cheng)市是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)恩(en)賈(jia)梅(mei)納。乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)共(gong)有(you)超過(guo)200個種族，法(fa)(fa)語(yu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)阿(a)拉(la)伯(bo)語(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)官(guan)方語(yu)言，伊斯蘭(lan)教(jiao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)最多人(ren)(ren)(ren)信(xin)奉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宗教(jiao)。經濟聯(lian)合國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)公(gong)布的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)發(fa)展指數(shu)(shu)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排名(ming)(ming)倒數(shu)(shu)第五(wu)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)80%人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)生活在貧窮線以下。2005年(nian)(nian)，該(gai)(gai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)均國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)生產總(zong)值（購買力(li)平(ping)(ping)價(jia)）只(zhi)有(you)1,500美(mei)元 。乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)非(fei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)非(fei)洲(zhou)(zhou)關稅和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)經濟聯(lian)盟(meng)(meng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成員國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之一(yi)，法(fa)(fa)定貨幣是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)非(fei)法(fa)(fa)郎。連(lian)(lian)年(nian)(nian)不(bu)斷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)戰(zhan)使(shi)外國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)者(zhe)盡數(shu)(shu)撤離，1979年(nian)(nian)至1982年(nian)(nian)離開(kai)(kai)(kai)該(gai)(gai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)近來才開(kai)(kai)(kai)始(shi)對該(gai)(gai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展重拾信(xin)心。2000年(nian)(nian)，外資(zi)(zi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)始(shi)大(da)規(gui)模投(tou)入乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)油(you)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，這(zhe)有(you)助推動該(gai)(gai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟發(fa)展。超過(guo)80%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)靠自(zi)給耕作或畜牧維生，當地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)候(hou)決定了(le)人(ren)(ren)(ren)們耕作和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)放牧的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)點。乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最南10%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土地(di)(di)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)該(gai)(gai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)最肥(fei)沃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可耕地(di)(di)，主要(yao)農(nong)作物(wu)有(you)高梁和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)小米(mi)。在薩赫勒(le)(le)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)只(zhi)種有(you)較硬品(pin)種的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小米(mi)，收(shou)成也比(bi)(bi)南部(bu)(bu)(bu)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)明顯要(yao)低；但(dan)薩赫勒(le)(le)卻是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)型(xing)商業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)牲口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)牧群、山(shan)羊、綿羊、驢和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)馬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)想(xiang)牧地(di)(di)。撒哈(ha)(ha)拉(la)沙(sha)漠零散的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綠洲(zhou)(zhou)只(zhi)能支持(chi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)棗類(lei)(lei)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)豆類(lei)(lei)植物(wu)。在石(shi)油(you)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)展之前，棉(mian)花(hua)生產是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)工業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，棉(mian)花(hua)出口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)占了(le)該(gai)(gai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)出口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)總(zong)額的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)80%。現在棉(mian)花(hua)仍是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)該(gai)(gai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)出口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)貨品(pin)。一(yi)家(jia)曾受全球(qiu)棉(mian)花(hua)價(jia)格(ge)下降打擊(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)型(xing)棉(mian)花(hua)公(gong)司Cotontchad受到(dao)法(fa)(fa)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、荷蘭(lan)、歐盟(meng)(meng)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際復興開(kai)(kai)(kai)發(fa)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)資(zi)(zi)助，這(zhe)家(jia)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)營(ying)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)預料會被私有(you)化。埃(ai)克森(sen)美(mei)孚聯(lian)合雪佛(fo)龍和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)馬來西亞國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)石(shi)油(you)公(gong)司已(yi)在乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)南部(bu)(bu)(bu)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)37億美(mei)元，開(kai)(kai)(kai)發(fa)蘊藏量(liang)估計達(da)10億桶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)油(you)資(zi)(zi)源。2003年(nian)(nian)一(yi)條連(lian)(lian)接油(you)田和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)喀麥隆沿海地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸油(you)管建成后（由世界(jie)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)資(zi)(zi)助），石(shi)油(you)開(kai)(kai)(kai)采工作展開(kai)(kai)(kai)。作為(wei)(wei)資(zi)(zi)助的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件(jian)，世界(jie)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)堅(jian)持(chi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)采石(shi)油(you)所(suo)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收(shou)益(yi)之中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)80%要(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展計劃。2006年(nian)(nian)1月，因(yin)為(wei)(wei)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)府(fu)通過(guo)法(fa)(fa)令降低這(zhe)一(yi)比(bi)(bi)率(lv)，世界(jie)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)暫停貸款計劃。2006年(nian)(nian)7月14日(ri)，世界(jie)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)府(fu)簽(qian)署備(bei)忘錄，乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)府(fu)承諾把收(shou)益(yi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)70%用(yong)(yong)(yong)作消除貧窮。乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)在1987年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)已(yi)平(ping)(ping)整(zheng)公(gong)路(lu)只(zhi)有(you)30千(qian)(qian)米(mi)長(chang)，連(lian)(lian)續的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道路(lu)修復工程改善了(le)公(gong)路(lu)狀(zhuang)況，直至2004年(nian)(nian)該(gai)(gai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)已(yi)有(you)總(zong)長(chang)550千(qian)(qian)米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)已(yi)平(ping)(ping)整(zheng)公(gong)路(lu)。但(dan)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)路(lu)網(wang)絡(luo)仍然十分(fen)(fen)(fen)有(you)限(xian)，一(yi)些(xie)公(gong)路(lu)在一(yi)年(nian)(nian)中(zhong)有(you)數(shu)(shu)月不(bu)能使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)沒有(you)鐵路(lu)，貨物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出入口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)主要(yao)靠依賴喀麥隆的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鐵路(lu)系統，往(wang)來海港杜阿(a)拉(la)。恩(en)賈(jia)梅(mei)納國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際機場有(you)定期航(hang)班(ban)飛往(wang)法(fa)(fa)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)巴黎(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)一(yi)些(xie)非(fei)洲(zhou)(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)市。乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)信(xin)網(wang)絡(luo)簡陋且(qie)昂(ang)貴，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)營(ying)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)SotelTchad提供固(gu)網(wang)電(dian)話服(fu)務(wu)，但(dan)全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)只(zhi)有(you)14,000條固(gu)網(wang)電(dian)話線，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)全球(qiu)電(dian)話密度最低的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)之一(yi)。乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水電(dian)協會為(wei)(wei)首(shou)都(dou)15%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)提供電(dian)力(li)，全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)覆蓋(gai)率(lv)僅為(wei)(wei)2%。大(da)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)木材、動物(wu)糞便等的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生物(wu)燃料生火(huo)。乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)市基(ji)建落后，只(zhi)有(you)48%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市區(qu)(qu)(qu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)有(you)清(qing)潔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飲用(yong)(yong)(yong)水，可使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)基(ji)本衛(wei)生設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)更只(zhi)有(you)2%。乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)唯一(yi)電(dian)視臺(tai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)電(dian)視臺(tai)（TeleTchad），但(dan)僅覆蓋(gai)恩(en)賈(jia)梅(mei)納。電(dian)臺(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)覆蓋(gai)率(lv)遠(yuan)遠(yuan)較大(da)，全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)13家(jia)私營(ying)電(dian)臺(tai)。因(yin)為(wei)(wei)運輸費用(yong)(yong)(yong)高昂(ang)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)識字率(lv)低且(qie)普遍清(qing)貧，乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)報紙數(shu)(shu)量(liang)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)流通率(lv)較低。雖然憲法(fa)(fa)保(bao)障(zhang)言論(lun)自(zi)由，但(dan)政(zheng)府(fu)在2006年(nian)(nian)底卻啟動了(le)一(yi)套審查媒(mei)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)系統。

二、請幫我看看下邊飛機訂票單是什么意思？

        乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de) 編(bian)輯(ji)(ji)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)（或譯查德(de)(de)，阿(a)拉(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)伯(bo)語(yu)： ，法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)語(yu)：Tchad），全(quan)(quan)稱(cheng)(cheng)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，是(shi)(shi)非(fei)(fei)(fei)洲(zhou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)陸國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)，北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)接(jie)利(li)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)亞，東接(jie)蘇(su)丹(dan)(dan)，南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)接(jie)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)非(fei)(fei)(fei)共(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)與(yu)喀麥隆、尼(ni)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)利(li)亞為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鄰(lin)，西(xi)(xi)與(yu)尼(ni)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)交界(jie)(jie)。乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)理(li)(li)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)：北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沙(sha)漠(mo)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)，屬(shu)(shu)熱(re)(re)帶(dai)沙(sha)漠(mo)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)；中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)干旱(han)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)薩(sa)(sa)赫(he)(he)勒(le)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)，屬(shu)(shu)熱(re)(re)帶(dai)草(cao)原(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)；和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)較肥沃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蘇(su)丹(dan)(dan)草(cao)原(yuan)(yuan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)，屬(shu)(shu)熱(re)(re)帶(dai)雨林氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)。該(gai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)湖(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名(ming)(ming)(ming)字命(ming)(ming)名(ming)(ming)(ming)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)最(zui)(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)山(shan)(shan)峰是(shi)(shi)位(wei)(wei)(wei)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)撒哈(ha)拉(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)庫西(xi)(xi)山(shan)(shan)，首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)都(dou)(dou)(dou)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)最(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)恩(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)梅(mei)(mei)納。乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)共(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)超過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)200個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)，法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)語(yu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)阿(a)拉(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)伯(bo)語(yu)是(shi)(shi)官(guan)(guan)方(fang)(fang)語(yu)言(yan)，伊(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)斯(si)(si)(si)蘭(lan)(lan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)是(shi)(shi)最(zui)(zui)(zui)多(duo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)信奉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宗(zong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。農(nong)(nong)(nong)牧(mu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)，經(jing)濟(ji)落后(hou)(hou)(hou)，系世(shi)(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)最(zui)(zui)(zui)不發(fa)(fa)(fa)達(da)(da)(da)(da)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。代(dai)(dai)(dai)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)執(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，接(jie)受國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)貨幣基(ji)(ji)金組織經(jing)濟(ji)結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)調整計劃，重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點整頓棉花公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)等國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)營企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)職部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)門；鼓勵私人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、小企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)；宣(xuan)布(bu)(bu)(bu)實(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)私有(you)(you)化(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)自(zi)(zi)由(you)(you)經(jing)濟(ji)；打擊(ji)走私，保證(zheng)稅收；積(ji)極爭取(qu)(qu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)援助，鼓勵外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)名(ming)(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)(cheng)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)英文(wen)(wen)(wen)名(ming)(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)(cheng)The Republic of Chad簡(jian) 稱(cheng)(cheng)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所屬(shu)(shu)洲(zhou)非(fei)(fei)(fei)洲(zhou)首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou) 都(dou)(dou)(dou)恩(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)梅(mei)(mei)納主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)阿(a)提(ti)、馬(ma)(ma)塞(sai)尼(ni)亞等國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)慶日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)1960年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)8月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)11日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo) 歌(ge)《乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)》國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)代(dai)(dai)(dai)碼TCD官(guan)(guan)方(fang)(fang)語(yu)言(yan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)語(yu)、阿(a)拉(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)伯(bo)語(yu)貨 幣中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)非(fei)(fei)(fei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)郎(lang)時(shi)(shi) 區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)UTC+1政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)半(ban)(ban)總(zong)(zong)(zong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)領(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)袖總(zong)(zong)(zong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)：伊(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)德(de)(de)里(li)(li)(li)斯(si)(si)(si)·代(dai)(dai)(dai)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)數(shu)(shu)(shu)量(liang)(liang)1400萬(wan)（2015年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）[1] 人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)密(mi)度(du)(du)(du)8.0人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)/平(ping)方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)（2009年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)柏(bo)(bo)(bo)柏(bo)(bo)(bo)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、阿(a)拉(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)伯(bo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、黑人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)宗(zong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)伊(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)斯(si)(si)(si)蘭(lan)(lan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)、基(ji)(ji)督教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)、原(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)宗(zong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)土面(mian)積(ji)1284000平(ping)方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)GDP總(zong)(zong)(zong)計108.89億美(mei)元(yuan)（2015年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)匯(hui)率）[1] 人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)均GDP778美(mei)元(yuan)（2015年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)匯(hui)率）目錄1 歷(li)史2 地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)理(li)(li) 位(wei)(wei)(wei)置境域(yu) 地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)形(xing)(xing)(xing) 氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou) 水文(wen)(wen)(wen)3 行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)劃 區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)劃 首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)都(dou)(dou)(dou)4 人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu) 人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou) 民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)5 國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)象(xiang)征(zheng) 國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)名(ming)(ming)(ming) 國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)旗(qi)(qi) 國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)徽(hui)(hui) 國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)歌(ge) 格言(yan)6 政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi) 政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)體(ti) 憲(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa) 議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui) 司(si)(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa) 政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu) 政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang) 政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)7 軍事 國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)防 軍力(li)8 外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)交 外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)交政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策 對(dui)(dui)(dui)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)關系9 經(jing)濟(ji) 概況(kuang) 工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye) 農(nong)(nong)(nong)牧(mu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye) 服(fu)務業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye) 財(cai)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)金融 對(dui)(dui)(dui)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)貿易 外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)援助 外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben) 人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活10 文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua) 語(yu)言(yan) 宗(zong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao) 節日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri) 習俗(su)(su) 民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)俗(su)(su)11 社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui) 教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu) 體(ti)育(yu) 醫療 通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)訊(xun) 媒(mei)體(ti) 音樂(le) 文(wen)(wen)(wen)學 電影12 交通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong) 鐵(tie)路 公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)路 水運 空運13 旅游歷(li)史編(bian)輯(ji)(ji)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)(qian)7000年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)境有(you)(you)利(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類居(ju)住。這(zhe)(zhe)使(shi)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)該(gai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)強勁增長(chang)(chang)。乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)考古發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)（主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)位(wei)(wei)(wei)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)博(bo)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)庫-恩(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)迪(di)(di)-提(ti)貝(bei)(bei)斯(si)(si)(si)提(ti)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)）可(ke)追溯到公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)(qian)2000年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)。而乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)盆地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)上(shang)有(you)(you)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)定(ding)(ding)居(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史也(ye)超過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)了(le)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)千年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)長(chang)(chang)期(qi)(qi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)來(lai)(lai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)直(zhi)是(shi)(shi)各(ge)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)文(wen)(wen)(wen)明(ming)活動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心。根(gen)(gen)據出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手工(gong)藝品和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)口(kou)(kou)(kou)述歷(li)史紀(ji)(ji)錄，這(zhe)(zhe)些文(wen)(wen)(wen)明(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)最(zui)(zui)(zui)早期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)薩(sa)(sa)奧(ao)(ao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)明(ming)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)9至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)10世(shi)(shi)(shi)紀(ji)(ji)，薩(sa)(sa)奧(ao)(ao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)建(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)(li)(li)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)撒哈(ha)拉(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)、也(ye)是(shi)(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)祚最(zui)(zui)(zui)長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)帝(di)(di)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)──加(jia)涅姆(mu)(mu)(mu)帝(di)(di)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，16世(shi)(shi)(shi)紀(ji)(ji)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)與(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)抗衡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巴(ba)(ba)吉(ji)米(mi)(mi)(mi)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)王國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)瓦(wa)達(da)(da)(da)(da)伊(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)王國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，從此三國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)混戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)不休。加(jia)涅姆(mu)(mu)(mu)帝(di)(di)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及隨后(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)**都(dou)(dou)(dou)建(jian)(jian)基(ji)(ji)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)對(dui)(dui)(dui)經(jing)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)該(gai)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)跨(kua)撒哈(ha)拉(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)貿易通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。除了(le)搶奪(duo)奴(nu)隸，這(zhe)(zhe)些**的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)都(dou)(dou)(dou)未(wei)曾延伸(shen)到南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)草(cao)原(yuan)(yuan)。1883年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)1893年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)，各(ge)王國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)先后(hou)(hou)(hou)被(bei)(bei)(bei)蘇(su)丹(dan)(dan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)拉(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)赫(he)(he)·祖(zu)(zu)拜爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)征(zheng)服(fu)。從公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)(qian)7000年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)已(yi)有(you)(you)大(da)(da)(da)量(liang)(liang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)在(zai)(zai)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)帶(dai)聚居(ju)，直(zhi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)(qian)第(di)(di)1個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)千年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)末期(qi)(qi)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)連(lian)串**在(zai)(zai)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)撒哈(ha)拉(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)興起和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)消(xiao)(xiao)亡(wang)(wang)，它(ta)們都(dou)(dou)(dou)曾控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)該(gai)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)跨(kua)撒哈(ha)拉(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)貿易路線。乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)1920年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)被(bei)(bei)(bei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)領(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)屬(shu)(shu)赤(chi)道(dao)非(fei)(fei)(fei)洲(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)。1960年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)弗朗索瓦(wa)·托(tuo)(tuo)姆(mu)(mu)(mu)巴(ba)(ba)巴(ba)(ba)耶(ye)帶(dai)領(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)下(xia)(xia)(xia)從法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)獨立(li)(li)(li)(li)，但(dan)托(tuo)(tuo)姆(mu)(mu)(mu)巴(ba)(ba)巴(ba)(ba)耶(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策引起北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)穆(mu)斯(si)(si)(si)林地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)不滿，最(zui)(zui)(zui)終在(zai)(zai)1965年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)觸(chu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)長(chang)(chang)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。1979年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，***武(wu)(wu)(wu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)攻(gong)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)恩(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)梅(mei)(mei)納，結(jie)(jie)(jie)束了(le)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)**的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)治(zhi)。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)***武(wu)(wu)(wu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)指揮官(guan)(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)訌，結(jie)(jie)(jie)果(guo)侯賽(sai)因(yin)·哈(ha)布(bu)(bu)(bu)雷贏(ying)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)斗，出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)任(ren)(ren)(ren)總(zong)(zong)(zong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，但(dan)在(zai)(zai)1990年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)被(bei)(bei)(bei)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)將(jiang)軍伊(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)德(de)(de)里(li)(li)(li)斯(si)(si)(si)·代(dai)(dai)(dai)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)推翻。蘇(su)丹(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)達(da)(da)(da)(da)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)富爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)沖(chong)突在(zai)(zai)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)邊(bian)境爆(bao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)，使(shi)該(gai)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)局勢(shi)(shi)(shi)不穩。1900年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)4月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)22日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)在(zai)(zai)庫塞(sai)里(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)役(yi)擊(ji)敗(bai)并(bing)殺(sha)死拉(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)赫(he)(he)·祖(zu)(zu)拜爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)（圖(tu)(tu)）后(hou)(hou)(hou)，法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)清除了(le)在(zai)(zai)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)殖(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)障礙。在(zai)(zai)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)殖(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)擴(kuo)張之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)，法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)殖(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)者于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)1900年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)(li)(li)了(le)“乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)保護(hu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)軍事領(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)”（Territoire Militaire des Pays et Protectorats du Tchad）。直(zhi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)1920年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)已(yi)取(qu)(qu)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)權(quan)(quan)。殖(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)并(bing)無(wu)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)領(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策，現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)進(jin)(jin)程緩慢。法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)視乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)低級勞動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)棉花的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)次(ci)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)來(lai)(lai)源(yuan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)，1929年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)在(zai)(zai)當(dang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)大(da)(da)(da)規模生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)棉花。乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)殖(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)手嚴重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不足(zu)，并(bing)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)依(yi)靠來(lai)(lai)自(zi)(zi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)本(ben)土能力(li)最(zui)(zui)(zui)差的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)批官(guan)(guan)員(yuan)。乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)境內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)只有(you)(you)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)管理(li)(li)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)較好(hao)，法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)對(dui)(dui)(dui)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)則(ze)有(you)(you)名(ming)(ming)(ming)無(wu)實(shi)。殖(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)忽(hu)視使(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)也(ye)長(chang)(chang)期(qi)(qi)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不到發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。第(di)(di)二(er)次(ci)世(shi)(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)大(da)(da)(da)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)把(ba)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)列為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)海(hai)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)領(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)，領(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)居(ju)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)有(you)(you)權(quan)(quan)選(xuan)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)代(dai)(dai)(dai)表和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)員(yuan)。當(dang)時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)是(shi)(shi)扎根(gen)(gen)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)步(bu)(bu)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)。1960年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)8月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)11日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)，乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)弗朗索瓦(wa)·托(tuo)(tuo)姆(mu)(mu)(mu)巴(ba)(ba)巴(ba)(ba)耶(ye)帶(dai)領(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)下(xia)(xia)(xia)從法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)獨立(li)(li)(li)(li)，托(tuo)(tuo)姆(mu)(mu)(mu)巴(ba)(ba)巴(ba)(ba)耶(ye)任(ren)(ren)(ren)首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)任(ren)(ren)(ren)總(zong)(zong)(zong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。托(tuo)(tuo)姆(mu)(mu)(mu)巴(ba)(ba)巴(ba)(ba)耶(ye)在(zai)(zai)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)禁止反對(dui)(dui)(dui)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)，實(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獨裁統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)治(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)低效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管理(li)(li)使(shi)種族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沖(chong)突加(jia)劇。1965年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，穆(mu)斯(si)(si)(si)林發(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)了(le)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。托(tuo)(tuo)姆(mu)(mu)(mu)巴(ba)(ba)巴(ba)(ba)耶(ye)在(zai)(zai)1975年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)由(you)(you)費利(li)克斯(si)(si)(si)·馬(ma)(ma)盧姆(mu)(mu)(mu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軍事**中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)被(bei)(bei)(bei)殺(sha)，但(dan)暴(bao)力(li)浪潮并(bing)沒有(you)(you)因(yin)此而平(ping)息。1979年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，***武(wu)(wu)(wu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)領(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)恩(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)梅(mei)(mei)納，馬(ma)(ma)盧姆(mu)(mu)(mu)倒臺。之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)幾(ji)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)武(wu)(wu)(wu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)組織（主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)來(lai)(lai)自(zi)(zi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)***武(wu)(wu)(wu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)）互相(xiang)爭奪(duo)權(quan)(quan)力(li)。乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)裂使(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在(zai)(zai)其國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)力(li)崩潰，北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)鄰(lin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)利(li)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)亞便乘勢(shi)(shi)(shi)填補了(le)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)(wei)置，并(bing)介入(ru)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，支持(chi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)叛軍。1983年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)叛軍大(da)(da)(da)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)進(jin)(jin)攻(gong)，法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在(zai)(zai)同(tong)(tong)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)8月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)派(pai)兵到乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支持(chi)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)，在(zai)(zai)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)建(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)(li)(li)防線，戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)局才穩定(ding)(ding)下(xia)(xia)(xia)來(lai)(lai)。得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)到法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)支持(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總(zong)(zong)(zong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)侯賽(sai)因(yin)·哈(ha)布(bu)(bu)(bu)雷在(zai)(zai)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功號召國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)眾，并(bing)在(zai)(zai)1987年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)擊(ji)退利(li)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)亞軍隊。哈(ha)布(bu)(bu)(bu)雷后(hou)(hou)(hou)來(lai)(lai)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)貪污(wu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)暴(bao)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)鞏固**，在(zai)(zai)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)治(zhi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)估計有(you)(you)約(yue)(yue)(yue)40,000人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)被(bei)(bei)(bei)殺(sha)。哈(ha)布(bu)(bu)(bu)雷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策傾向他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)自(zi)(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)──達(da)(da)(da)(da)薩(sa)(sa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)（Daza），并(bing)歧視其他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)札加(jia)瓦(wa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)友。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)將(jiang)軍伊(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)德(de)(de)里(li)(li)(li)斯(si)(si)(si)·代(dai)(dai)(dai)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)在(zai)(zai)1990年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)把(ba)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)推翻。代(dai)(dai)(dai)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)隨后(hou)(hou)(hou)嘗試安(an)撫***武(wu)(wu)(wu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)，恢復了(le)多(duo)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)投(tou)在(zai)(zai)1996年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)了(le)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。同(tong)(tong)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，代(dai)(dai)(dai)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)贏(ying)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)了(le)總(zong)(zong)(zong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)選(xuan)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)，五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)連(lian)任(ren)(ren)(ren)。2003年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)開(kai)(kai)采石油，但(dan)后(hou)(hou)(hou)來(lai)(lai)第(di)(di)二(er)次(ci)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)爆(bao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)。代(dai)(dai)(dai)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)在(zai)(zai)2005年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)投(tou)決(jue)定(ding)(ding)是(shi)(shi)否取(qu)(qu)消(xiao)(xiao)總(zong)(zong)(zong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)任(ren)(ren)(ren)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)限(xian)(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，這(zhe)(zhe)引發(fa)(fa)(fa)反對(dui)(dui)(dui)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強烈反對(dui)(dui)(dui)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)整個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)騷動(dong)(dong)(dong)。2006年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，代(dai)(dai)(dai)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)在(zai)(zai)反對(dui)(dui)(dui)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)抵(di)(di)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)選(xuan)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)第(di)(di)二(er)次(ci)連(lian)任(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)總(zong)(zong)(zong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。同(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)，乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)沖(chong)突情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)惡化(hua)(hua)，聯(lian)(lian)(lian)合國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)難民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)署(shu)警(jing)告，乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)能發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)類似達(da)(da)(da)(da)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)富爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)屠殺(sha)。地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)理(li)(li)編(bian)輯(ji)(ji)位(wei)(wei)(wei)置境域(yu)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)面(mian)積(ji)1284000平(ping)方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)。是(shi)(shi)世(shi)(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)上(shang)第(di)(di)21大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)，比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)秘魯(lu)略(lve)小，比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)非(fei)(fei)(fei)略(lve)大(da)(da)(da)。乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)(wei)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)非(fei)(fei)(fei)洲(zhou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)，北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)緯8和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he) 24度(du)(du)(du)、東經(jing)14和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)24度(du)(du)(du)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)，北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)接(jie)利(li)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)亞，東接(jie)蘇(su)丹(dan)(dan)，南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)接(jie)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)非(fei)(fei)(fei)共(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)與(yu)喀麥隆、尼(ni)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)利(li)亞為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鄰(lin)，西(xi)(xi)與(yu)尼(ni)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)交界(jie)(jie)。首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)都(dou)(dou)(dou)恩(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)梅(mei)(mei)納與(yu)最(zui)(zui)(zui)鄰(lin)近的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)海(hai)港相(xiang)距1600公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)，因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遠(yuan)離海(hai)洋，且國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)土大(da)(da)(da)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)屬(shu)(shu)沙(sha)漠(mo)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)，所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)又被(bei)(bei)(bei)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“非(fei)(fei)(fei)洲(zhou)死亡(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心”。[2] 地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)形(xing)(xing)(xing)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)理(li)(li)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)：北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)屬(shu)(shu)撒哈(ha)拉(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)沙(sha)漠(mo)或半(ban)(ban)沙(sha)漠(mo)，占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)面(mian)積(ji)1/3，東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)原(yuan)(yuan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)；中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)干旱(han)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)薩(sa)(sa)赫(he)(he)勒(le)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)較肥沃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)草(cao)原(yuan)(yuan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。西(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)提(ti)貝(bei)(bei)斯(si)(si)(si)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)原(yuan)(yuan)平(ping)均海(hai)拔2000米(mi)(mi)(mi)。庫西(xi)(xi)山(shan)(shan)海(hai)拔3415米(mi)(mi)(mi)，是(shi)(shi)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)非(fei)(fei)(fei)洲(zhou)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)峰。[3] 氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)屬(shu)(shu)沙(sha)漠(mo)或半(ban)(ban)沙(sha)漠(mo)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)屬(shu)(shu)薩(sa)(sa)赫(he)(he)勒(le)熱(re)(re)帶(dai)草(cao)原(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)，南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)屬(shu)(shu)熱(re)(re)帶(dai)稀樹草(cao)原(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)，全(quan)(quan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)炎熱(re)(re)。除北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)原(yuan)(yuan)山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)，大(da)(da)(da)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)均氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)27°C以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)，北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)達(da)(da)(da)(da)29°C。[4] 水文(wen)(wen)(wen)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)名(ming)(ming)(ming)源(yuan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)湖(hu)(hu)，該(gai)湖(hu)(hu)泊在(zai)(zai)7000年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)前(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)面(mian)積(ji)有(you)(you)330000平(ping)方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)，但(dan)在(zai)(zai)21世(shi)(shi)(shi)紀(ji)(ji)縮減(jian)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)17806平(ping)方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)，季節因(yin)素(su)對(dui)(dui)(dui)它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)面(mian)積(ji)影響甚大(da)(da)(da)。乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)湖(hu)(hu)是(shi)(shi)非(fei)(fei)(fei)洲(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)(di)二(er)大(da)(da)(da)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)。位(wei)(wei)(wei)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)提(ti)貝(bei)(bei)斯(si)(si)(si)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)原(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)火山(shan)(shan)庫西(xi)(xi)山(shan)(shan)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)3414米(mi)(mi)(mi)，是(shi)(shi)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)撒哈(ha)拉(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)山(shan)(shan)峰。乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)河流有(you)(you)沙(sha)里(li)(li)(li)河、洛貢(gong)河和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)它(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支流（從東南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)流經(jing)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)草(cao)原(yuan)(yuan)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)湖(hu)(hu)）。行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)劃編(bian)輯(ji)(ji)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)劃首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)都(dou)(dou)(dou)恩(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)梅(mei)(mei)納市(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心團(tuan)結(jie)(jie)(jie)雕塑根(gen)(gen)據1996年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)4月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)(da)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)（REGION）、省（DEPARTEMENT）、鎮(zhen)（COMMUNE）、村（COMMUNAUTE RURALE）四級。2000年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)被(bei)(bei)(bei)劃分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)28個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)省（PREFECTURE），107個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)州，470個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)，44個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)領(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)。2002年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)10月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)被(bei)(bei)(bei)劃分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)18個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)大(da)(da)(da)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)（含恩(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)梅(mei)(mei)納市(shi)(shi)），下(xia)(xia)(xia)轄57個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)省級單(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)（含首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)都(dou)(dou)(dou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)）。2008年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)3月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)起，全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)劃分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)22個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)大(da)(da)(da)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)（含恩(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)梅(mei)(mei)納市(shi)(shi)），下(xia)(xia)(xia)轄57個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)省級單(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)（含首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)都(dou)(dou)(dou)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)），各(ge)省設(she)有(you)(you)縣級行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)共(gong)(gong)(gong)500余(yu)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)。省1996.4后(hou)(hou)(hou) C1993.4.8 面(mian)積(ji)（km2） 首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu) CC1993東巴(ba)(ba)塔(ta)Batha Est 288458 88800 Oum-Hadjer 西(xi)(xi)巴(ba)(ba)塔(ta)Batha Ouest 阿(a)提(ti)Ati 比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)廷Biltine 184807 46850 比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)廷Biltine 博(bo)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)庫Bourkou 73185 600350 法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)亞Faya 恩(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)迪(di)(di)Ennedi Fada 提(ti)貝(bei)(bei)斯(si)(si)(si)提(ti)Tibesti Bardai 達(da)(da)(da)(da)巴(ba)(ba)巴(ba)(ba)Dababa 720941 82910 Bokoro 巴(ba)(ba)吉(ji)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)米(mi)(mi)(mi)Baguirmi Massenya 哈(ha)吉(ji)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)拉(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)密(mi)Hadjer Lamis Massaguet 蓋拉(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)Guéra 306253 58950 蒙戈Mongo 加(jia)匝(za)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)河Bahr El Gazal 279927 114520 Moussoro 加(jia)奈姆(mu)(mu)(mu)Kanem 馬(ma)(ma)奧(ao)(ao)Mao 湖(hu)(hu)Lac 252932 22320 博(bo)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)Bol 西(xi)(xi)洛貢(gong)Logone Occidental 455489 8695 蒙杜Moundou 99530東洛貢(gong)Logone Oriental 441064 28035 多(duo)巴(ba)(ba)Doba 拉(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)姆(mu)(mu)(mu)山(shan)(shan)Monts de Lam Mbaibokoum 卡(ka)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)亞Kabia 825158 30105 Gounou-Gaya 博(bo)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)伊(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)河Mayo Boneye 邦戈爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)Bongor 達(da)(da)(da)(da)拉(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)河Mayo-Dala Pala 伊(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)洛湖(hu)(hu)Lac Iro 738595 45180 Kyabe 考赫(he)(he)河Bahr Koh 薩(sa)(sa)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)Sarh 75496芒杜爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)Mandoul Koumra 瓦(wa)達(da)(da)(da)(da)伊(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)Ouaddai 543900 76240 阿(a)貝(bei)(bei)歇(xie)Abéché 54628色(se)拉(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)Sila Goz-Beida 阿(a)松加(jia)Assongha Adre 薩(sa)(sa)拉(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)馬(ma)(ma)特(te) Salamat 184403 63000 安(an)提(ti)曼Am Timan 東坦吉(ji)萊Tandjile Est 453854 18045 拉(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)伊(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)La 西(xi)(xi)坦吉(ji)萊Tandjile Ouest Kelo 31319恩(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)梅(mei)(mei)納Ndjamena 530965 沙(sha)里(li)(li)(li)-巴(ba)(ba)吉(ji)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)米(mi)(mi)(mi) 恩(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)梅(mei)(mei)納Ndjamena 530965乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)Chad 6279931 1284000 恩(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)梅(mei)(mei)納Ndjamena 首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)都(dou)(dou)(dou)恩(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)梅(mei)(mei)納（N Djamena），原(yuan)(yuan)名(ming)(ming)(ming)拉(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)密(mi)堡（Fort-Lamy），1973年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)9月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)5日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)改(gai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)現(xian)(xian)(xian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)109.2萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)（2012年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）。最(zui)(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)42 C（4月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)），最(zui)(zui)(zui)低14 C（12月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)）。[3] 人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)編(bian)輯(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)圖(tu)(tu)布(bu)(bu)(bu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)表團(tuan)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)總(zong)(zong)(zong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)1210萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)（2012年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）。城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)25%，農(nong)(nong)(nong)村人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)74.8%。47.3%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)齡小于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)15歲(sui)(sui)，出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)率為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)每(mei)(mei)1000人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)42.35，死亡(wang)(wang)率為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)16.69，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)均預(yu)期(qi)(qi)壽命(ming)(ming)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)47.2歲(sui)(sui)。乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)不平(ping)均分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)，博(bo)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)庫-恩(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)迪(di)(di)-提(ti)貝(bei)(bei)斯(si)(si)(si)提(ti)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)（位(wei)(wei)(wei)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)撒哈(ha)拉(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)密(mi)度(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)每(mei)(mei)平(ping)方(fang)(fang)千米(mi)(mi)(mi)0.1人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，而西(xi)(xi)洛貢(gong)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)密(mi)度(du)(du)(du)則(ze)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)每(mei)(mei)平(ping)方(fang)(fang)千米(mi)(mi)(mi)52.4人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，恩(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)梅(mei)(mei)納的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)密(mi)度(du)(du)(du)更高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)。全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)約(yue)(yue)(yue)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)半(ban)(ban)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)居(ju)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)五(wu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)256個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)。北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)居(ju)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)阿(a)拉(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)伯(bo)血統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)柏(bo)(bo)(bo)柏(bo)(bo)(bo)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)、瓦(wa)達(da)(da)(da)(da)伊(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)、圖(tu)(tu)布(bu)(bu)(bu)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)、巴(ba)(ba)吉(ji)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)米(mi)(mi)(mi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)等，約(yue)(yue)(yue)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)45%；南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)居(ju)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)薩(sa)(sa)拉(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)、馬(ma)(ma)薩(sa)(sa)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)、科(ke)托(tuo)(tuo)科(ke)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)、蒙當(dang)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)等，約(yue)(yue)(yue)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)55%。[5] 國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)象(xiang)征(zheng)編(bian)輯(ji)(ji)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)名(ming)(ming)(ming)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)（英語(yu)：The Republic of Chad；法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)語(yu)La République du Tchad；阿(a)拉(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)伯(bo)語(yu)： ）簡(jian)稱(cheng)(cheng)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。[6] 國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)旗(qi)(qi)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)旗(qi)(qi)呈長(chang)(chang)方(fang)(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)，長(chang)(chang)與(yu)寬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)3:2。旗(qi)(qi)面(mian)由(you)(you)三個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)平(ping)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)相(xiang)等的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)豎長(chang)(chang)方(fang)(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)構(gou)(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。從左至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)右(you)依(yi)次(ci)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)藍、黃(huang)、紅(hong)三色(se)。藍色(se)象(xiang)征(zheng)藍天、希望和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活，還代(dai)(dai)(dai)表該(gai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)；黃(huang)色(se)象(xiang)征(zheng)陽光，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及該(gai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)；紅(hong)色(se)象(xiang)征(zheng)進(jin)(jin)步(bu)(bu)、團(tuan)結(jie)(jie)(jie)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)愿(yuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)祖(zu)(zu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)獻(xian)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精神(shen)。乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)旗(qi)(qi)與(yu)羅馬(ma)(ma)尼(ni)亞國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)旗(qi)(qi)幾(ji)乎(hu)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)。僅藍色(se)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)略(lve)深。[6] 國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)徽(hui)(hui)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)徽(hui)(hui)啟用于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)1975年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)形(xing)(xing)(xing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)黃(huang)、藍兩(liang)(liang)(liang)色(se)波(bo)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)徽(hui)(hui)紋線構(gou)(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，代(dai)(dai)(dai)表乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)(zui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)然特(te)征(zheng)：美(mei)麗寧靜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)湖(hu)(hu)、蘊藏(zang)豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)產(chan)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)。盾(dun)(dun)(dun)徽(hui)(hui)左側繪有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)頭黃(huang)色(se)山(shan)(shan)羊，表明(ming)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)畜牧(mu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)；右(you)側的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獅子代(dai)(dai)(dai)表當(dang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)特(te)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)輪紅(hong)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)躍出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)徽(hui)(hui)，照亮了(le)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)(qian)(qian)進(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)路，預(yu)示著(zhu)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)蒸蒸日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)上(shang)，繁榮興旺。盾(dun)(dun)(dun)徽(hui)(hui)基(ji)(ji)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)色(se)飾(shi)帶(dai)上(shang)寫著(zhu)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)深愛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)箴(zhen)言(yan)：“團(tuan)結(jie)(jie)(jie)、勞動(dong)(dong)(dong)、進(jin)(jin)步(bu)(bu)”。[6] 國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)歌(ge)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)實(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)多(duo)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，1993年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)初召開(kai)(kai)了(le)由(you)(you)各(ge)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)派(pai)參(can)(can)加(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，確立(li)(li)(li)(li)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)渡機(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。1996年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)3月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)全(quan)(quan)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)決(jue)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。6月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)總(zong)(zong)(zong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)選(xuan)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)，代(dai)(dai)(dai)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)勝出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)。1997年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)3月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)立(li)(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)選(xuan)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)，愛拯運獲議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)絕(jue)(jue)對(dui)(dui)(dui)多(duo)數(shu)(shu)(shu)。代(dai)(dai)(dai)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)面(mian)武(wu)(wu)(wu)力(li)清剿境內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)***武(wu)(wu)(wu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)面(mian)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)談緩和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)矛盾(dun)(dun)(dun)，鞏固**，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)度(du)(du)(du)取(qu)(qu)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顯(xian)著(zhu)效果(guo)。2001年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)5月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)2002年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)4月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，代(dai)(dai)(dai)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)愛拯運分(fen)(fen)(fen)別(bie)(bie)再(zai)度(du)(du)(du)贏(ying)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總(zong)(zong)(zong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)大(da)(da)(da)選(xuan)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)立(li)(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)選(xuan)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)。2003年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)境內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)***武(wu)(wu)(wu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)平(ping)息。2005年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)來(lai)(lai)，發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)多(duo)起未(wei)遂**，***武(wu)(wu)(wu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)死灰復燃并(bing)迅速發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)壯大(da)(da)(da)，活躍在(zai)(zai)東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)與(yu)蘇(su)丹(dan)(dan)交界(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)，并(bing)屢次(ci)西(xi)(xi)進(jin)(jin)。2006年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)5月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)總(zong)(zong)(zong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)大(da)(da)(da)選(xuan)，代(dai)(dai)(dai)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)在(zai)(zai)反對(dui)(dui)(dui)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)集體(ti)抵(di)(di)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)勝選(xuan)連(lian)任(ren)(ren)(ren)。12月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)***武(wu)(wu)(wu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)“變(bian)革聯(lian)(lian)(lian)合陣線”歸順政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)。2007年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)8月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，愛拯運等總(zong)(zong)(zong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)多(duo)數(shu)(shu)(shu)派(pai)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)與(yu)18個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)反對(dui)(dui)(dui)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)簽署(shu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)協議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，宣(xuan)布(bu)(bu)(bu)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)解。10月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)與(yu)“爭取(qu)(qu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)力(li)量(liang)(liang)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)”（UFDD）等4支主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)***武(wu)(wu)(wu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)簽署(shu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)平(ping)協議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。11月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，雙方(fang)(fang)沖(chong)突再(zai)起。2008年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)1月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)底2月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)初，***武(wu)(wu)(wu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)軍自(zi)(zi)東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)攻(gong)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)度(du)(du)(du)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)領(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)都(dou)(dou)(dou)恩(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)梅(mei)(mei)納大(da)(da)(da)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)市(shi)(shi)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)軍經(jing)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)激戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)奪(duo)回首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)都(dou)(dou)(dou)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)權(quan)(quan)，***武(wu)(wu)(wu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)退回與(yu)蘇(su)丹(dan)(dan)交界(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)。2009年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)1月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)8支主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)***武(wu)(wu)(wu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)組成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)***武(wu)(wu)(wu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)軍“抵(di)(di)抗力(li)量(liang)(liang)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)”，選(xuan)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)蒂馬(ma)(ma)納·埃爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)迪(di)(di)米(mi)(mi)(mi)（Timane Erdimi，乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)總(zong)(zong)(zong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)代(dai)(dai)(dai)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)侄子）為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)共(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)領(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)導人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。5月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)6日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)，“抵(di)(di)抗力(li)量(liang)(liang)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)”多(duo)支縱隊數(shu)(shu)(shu)百輛皮卡(ka)車越(yue)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)蘇(su)丹(dan)(dan)邊(bian)境進(jin)(jin)入(ru)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)境內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)，并(bing)與(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)軍交戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。10日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)軍方(fang)(fang)面(mian)宣(xuan)布(bu)(bu)(bu)已(yi)取(qu)(qu)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)決(jue)定(ding)(ding)性勝利(li)，殲(jian)敵200余(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。自(zi)(zi)此，乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)局漸趨(qu)穩定(ding)(ding)。2011年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)2月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)4月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)分(fen)(fen)(fen)別(bie)(bie)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)總(zong)(zong)(zong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)選(xuan)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)。執(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)愛國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)拯救動(dong)(dong)(dong)運動(dong)(dong)(dong)贏(ying)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)絕(jue)(jue)對(dui)(dui)(dui)多(duo)數(shu)(shu)(shu)席(xi)位(wei)(wei)(wei)，代(dai)(dai)(dai)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)83.59%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)票率再(zai)次(ci)蟬聯(lian)(lian)(lian)總(zong)(zong)(zong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。憲(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)獨立(li)(li)(li)(li)后(hou)(hou)(hou)第(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)1962年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)4月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)。1993年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)4月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)4日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)，乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)了(le)“過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)渡時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)章”，作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)渡時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)臨時(shi)(shi)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。1996年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)3月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)31日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)全(quan)(quan)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)決(jue)，通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。該(gai)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)規定(ding)(ding)：乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)建(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)(li)(li)在(zai)(zai)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)正(zheng)基(ji)(ji)礎上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獨立(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、世(shi)(shi)(shi)俗(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、不可(ke)分(fen)(fen)(fen)割的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)權(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)，實(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)分(fen)(fen)(fen)離。行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)**由(you)(you)總(zong)(zong)(zong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)共(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)。總(zong)(zong)(zong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)元(yuan)首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)，負(fu)責保證(zheng)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)施。總(zong)(zong)(zong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)直(zhi)接(jie)普(pu)選(xuan)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，任(ren)(ren)(ren)期(qi)(qi)5年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，可(ke)連(lian)任(ren)(ren)(ren)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)屆。同(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)規定(ding)(ding)如經(jing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)三分(fen)(fen)(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)二(er)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)員(yuan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，可(ke)對(dui)(dui)(dui)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)修(xiu)改(gai)。總(zong)(zong)(zong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)任(ren)(ren)(ren)命(ming)(ming)總(zong)(zong)(zong)理(li)(li)，并(bing)根(gen)(gen)據總(zong)(zong)(zong)理(li)(li)建(jian)(jian)議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)任(ren)(ren)(ren)免政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)員(yuan)。總(zong)(zong)(zong)理(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)腦(nao)，負(fu)責執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)長(chang)(chang)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策。議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)由(you)(you)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)參(can)(can)議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)構(gou)(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)立(li)(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)權(quan)(quan)。2005年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)6月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)全(quan)(quan)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)決(jue)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)修(xiu)正(zheng)案(an)，取(qu)(qu)消(xiao)(xiao)對(dui)(dui)(dui)總(zong)(zong)(zong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)連(lian)任(ren)(ren)(ren)次(ci)數(shu)(shu)(shu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)齡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)限(xian)(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，將(jiang)“參(can)(can)議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)”改(gai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)由(you)(you)總(zong)(zong)(zong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)任(ren)(ren)(ren)命(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“經(jing)濟(ji)、社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)理(li)(li)事會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)”。[5] 議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)是(shi)(shi)最(zui)(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)立(li)(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)，現(xian)(xian)(xian)共(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)188個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)席(xi)，任(ren)(ren)(ren)期(qi)(qi)五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。本(ben)屆國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)2011年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)2月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)長(chang)(chang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)愛拯運總(zong)(zong)(zong)書記阿(a)魯(lu)恩(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)(en)·卡(ka)巴(ba)(ba)迪(di)(di)（Haroun Kabadi）。各(ge)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)派(pai)在(zai)(zai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)所占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)席(xi)位(wei)(wei)(wei)如下(xia)(xia)(xia)：愛拯運118席(xi)，爭取(qu)(qu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)進(jin)(jin)步(bu)(bu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)9席(xi)，爭取(qu)(qu)共(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)陣線4席(xi)，爭取(qu)(qu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)與(yu)革新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)同(tong)(tong)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)10席(xi)，爭取(qu)(qu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)進(jin)(jin)步(bu)(bu)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)VIVA派(pai)4席(xi)，爭取(qu)(qu)革新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)與(yu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)同(tong)(tong)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)8席(xi)，乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)同(tong)(tong)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)8席(xi)，其它(ta)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)派(pai)共(gong)(gong)(gong)27席(xi)。[5] 司(si)(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)規定(ding)(ding)由(you)(you)最(zui)(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)、上(shang)訴法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)、初審法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)庭(ting)、治(zhi)安(an)裁判所行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)司(si)(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)權(quan)(quan)。最(zui)(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)是(shi)(shi)最(zui)(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)司(si)(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)，包括司(si)(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)庭(ting)、行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)庭(ting)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)財(cai)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)庭(ting)，由(you)(you)16名(ming)(ming)(ming)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)員(yuan)組成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，院(yuan)(yuan)長(chang)(chang)由(you)(you)總(zong)(zong)(zong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)征(zheng)求參(can)(can)眾兩(liang)(liang)(liang)院(yuan)(yuan)議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)長(chang)(chang)意見后(hou)(hou)(hou)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)令形(xing)(xing)(xing)式任(ren)(ren)(ren)命(ming)(ming)。最(zui)(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)官(guan)(guan)實(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)終身制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。此外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)還設(she)有(you)(you)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)委(wei)員(yuan)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)，負(fu)責審查法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律、協定(ding)(ding)等是(shi)(shi)否違(wei)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)，并(bing)監(jian)督、審理(li)(li)、公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)布(bu)(bu)(bu)選(xuan)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)及公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)投(tou)票結(jie)(jie)(jie)果(guo)。設(she)立(li)(li)(li)(li)特(te)別(bie)(bie)最(zui)(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)庭(ting)負(fu)責審判總(zong)(zong)(zong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)員(yuan)及其同(tong)(tong)謀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)叛國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)案(an)。政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)2013年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)2月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)19日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)，代(dai)(dai)(dai)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)總(zong)(zong)(zong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)任(ren)(ren)(ren)命(ming)(ming)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)屆政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)。本(ben)屆政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)共(gong)(gong)(gong)43人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)員(yuan)布(bu)(bu)(bu)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)·法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)杜勒(le)（Abdoulaye Sabre Fadoul） 內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)maye） 農(nong)(nong)(nong)牧(mu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)6月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)在(zai)(zai)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)次(ci)多(duo)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)選(xuan)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)獲勝當(dang)選(xuan)，并(bing)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)2001年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)6月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)、2006年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)5月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)2011年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)4月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)三度(du)(du)(du)蟬聯(lian)(lian)(lian)。信奉伊(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)斯(si)(si)(si)蘭(lan)(lan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。已(yi)婚，有(you)(you)多(duo)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)子女。總(zong)(zong)(zong)理(li)(li)約(yue)(yue)(yue)瑟夫(fu)·吉(ji)姆(mu)(mu)(mu)蘭(lan)(lan)加(jia)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)·達(da)(da)(da)(da)德(de)(de)納吉(ji)（Joseph Djimrangar Dadnadji）。1954年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。2013年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)1月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)21日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)，時(shi)(shi)任(ren)(ren)(ren)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)總(zong)(zong)(zong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)辦(ban)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廳主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)任(ren)(ren)(ren)吉(ji)姆(mu)(mu)(mu)蘭(lan)(lan)加(jia)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)·達(da)(da)(da)(da)德(de)(de)納吉(ji)·約(yue)(yue)(yue)瑟夫(fu)（DJIMRANGAR DADNADJI JOSEPH）被(bei)(bei)(bei)任(ren)(ren)(ren)命(ming)(ming)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)乍(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)總(zong)(zong)(zong)理(li)(li)。

三、乍得恩賈梅納安全嗎

       不(bu)安全(quan)(quan)，乍得(de)恩(en)賈梅(mei)納、蒙杜等多地(di)舉(ju)行(xing)***游行(xing)示(shi)威，示(shi)威者(zhe)同軍(jun)警發生(sheng)沖突，造成人員(yuan)傷亡，部分公(gong)共和商業設施受(shou)損(sun)。據(ju)悉，近(jin)期很可能發生(sheng)新的***游行(xing)示(shi)威。中(zhong)國駐乍得(de)大(da)使館(guan)提醒全(quan)(quan)體在乍中(zhong)國公(gong)民(min)密切(qie)關注當地(di)局(ju)勢(shi)，提高個人安全(quan)(quan)防(fang)范意識，謹慎出(chu)行(xing)，避免前往人員(yuan)聚集場所(suo)，遠離發生(sheng)騷亂的是非之地(di)，確保生(sheng)命和財產安全(quan)(quan)。如遇緊急(ji)情況，請及(ji)時報警并(bing)與使館(guan)聯系(xi)。

四、請幫我看看下邊飛機訂票單是什么意思？

       NDJAMENA TOURS DATE: 29 NOVEMBER 2010 OPP TOUMAI AIR CHAD BANK F AGENT: 0006 GAULE NAME: NDJAMENA IATA : 842 09882 TELEPHONE: 235 526838 ISSUING AIRLINE : ETHIOPIAN AIRLINES TICKET NUMBER : ETKT 071 2751142382 BOOKING REF : AMADEUS: X47WTB, AIRLINE: ET/PPWIIS FROM /TO FLIGHT CL DATE DEP FARE BASIS NVB NVA BAG ST BEIJING CAPITAL ET 0605 Y 06DEC 2105 YOWCN 40K OK TERMINAL:2 ADDIS ABABA ARRIVAL TIME: 0750ADDIS ABABA ET 0939 Y 07DEC 1030 YOWCN 40K OK NDJAMENA ARRIVAL TIME: 1215 AT CHECK-IN, PLEASE SHOW A PICTURE IDENTIFICATION AND THE DOCUMENT YOU GAVE FOR REFERENCE AT RESERVATION TIME ENDORSEMENTS : NON-ENDO/PENALTIES APPLY EXCHANGE RATE : 70.69915 PAYMENT : CASH FARE CALCULATION : BJS ET X/ADD Q12.99ET NDJ1299.89NUC1312.88END ROE6.785170 AIR FARE : CNY 8910 EQUIV FARE PAID : XAF 630000 TAX : XAF 61300YR 6400CN TOTAL : XAF 697700請詳(xiang)細(xi)點(dian)，這是本人的，需要詳(xiang)細(xi)了解，謝謝。

       以上就是小(xiao)編對于恩賈梅納空運價(jia)格問(wen)題(ti)和(he)相關(guan)問(wen)題(ti)的解(jie)答(da)了(le)，恩賈梅納空運價(jia)格的問(wen)題(ti)希(xi)望對你有用(yong)！

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